2027年河南专升本英语动词与时态备考指南

编辑:张老师
来源:河南全日制专升本
2026-09-15

在河南专升本公共英语语法板块中,动词与时态是“分值占比最高、考查最灵活的核心语法模块” 。动词(重中之重)涵盖八大时态与主动/被动语态,其中现在完成时、过去完成时为高频考点;非谓语动词to do/doing/done作主语、宾语、定语、状语、独立主格;情态动词can/may/must/should及情态动词完成式;主谓一致(语法一致、意义一致、就近原则)。

 

评分标准与得分策略

动词与时态的核心命题逻辑是“找时间标志词→确定时态→判断主被动→匹配谓语形式” 。时态题型变化灵活、易错点密集,是多数考生的主要失分板块。

虚拟语气的核心命题逻辑是“识别虚拟信号词→判断虚拟时间→选择对应谓语形式” 。与事实相反类(if条件句、wish从句、as if/though从句)和建议命令要求类(should+动词原形)是两大高频考区。

主谓一致的核心命题逻辑是“定位真正的主语→判断单复数→匹配谓语” 。语法一致、意义一致、就近原则三大原则各有适用场景,考生须能快速识别。

得分策略: 时态题先找时间标志词(since/for/by the time/when等),虚拟语气题先找信号词(if/wish/suggest/insist等),主谓一致题先排除插入语和修饰成分、定位真正主语。

 

知识点精讲与真题解析

will 和 would 的用法

will: 常与第二人称连用,表示请求或询问意愿(Will you...?)。

would: 语气更委婉,表示意愿或虚拟。常用短语:would like to do(想要做),would rather do(宁愿做)。

Will you please open the window?(请求)

Would you like to have a cup of tea?(委婉邀请)

I would rather stay at home than go out.(宁愿做……)

易错点提醒: would rather后接从句时,从句谓语用虚拟语气(过去时表示现在或将来,过去完成时表示过去)。

I would rather you didn't tell him the truth.(我宁愿你没有告诉他真相。)

 

虚拟语气(核心考点)

(1)与事实相反类

虚拟条件句:

时间    从句谓语    主句谓语

与现在事实相反    过去时(be用were)    would/could/might + do

与过去事实相反    had + 过去分词    would/could/might + have + 过去分词

与将来事实相反    were to do / should do    would/could/might + do

If I were you, I would go.(与现在事实相反)

If I had studied, I would have passed.(与过去事实相反)

wish宾语从句:

时间    从句谓语形式    示例

对现在    过去时(be用were)    I wish I were there.

对过去    had done    I wish I had been there.

对将来    would/could do    I wish it would stop raining.

as if/though引导的从句: 表示与事实相反时用虚拟语气,对现在/将来用过去时,对过去用过去完成时。

He talks as if he knew everything.

(2)建议、命令、要求类

宾语从句用(should) + 动词原形,should可省略。

口诀:一个坚持(insist),两个命令(order, command),四个建议(suggest, propose, recommend, advise),四个要求(demand, require, request, desire)。

真题示例:

The manager suggested that the meeting ______ until next Friday.

A. was postponed  B. be postponed

C. postponed  D. would be postponed

答案:B

解析: suggest表示“建议”时,宾语从句用(should)+动词原形,meeting与postpone之间是被动关系,故用(should) be postponed,should可省略,故选B。

It is essential that every student ______ the exam rules carefully before entering the hall.

A. reads  B. read

C. will read  D. has read

答案:B

解析: 在It is essential/necessary/important that...句型中,that引导的主语从句谓语动词需使用虚拟语气,即(should)+动词原形,should可以省略,故选B。

易错点提醒: insist和suggest有两个含义,需根据语境判断——insist表示“坚持认为”时用陈述语气,表示“坚持要求”时用虚拟语气;suggest表示“表明、暗示”时用陈述语气,表示“建议”时用虚拟语气。

 

一般现在时表将来

表示按计划、时刻表要发生的事情。

The train arrives at 10:00.

The plane takes off at 8:00 tomorrow morning.

在时间、条件状语从句中,用一般现在时代替将来时(“主将从现”原则)。

I will call you when I arrive.

If it rains tomorrow, we will stay at home.

使用要点: “主将从现”是专升本考试的高频考点,常见于when, if, as soon as, until, before, after等引导的从句中。但要注意:if引导宾语从句(“是否”)时不受此限制,该用什么时态就用什么时态。

 

过去完成时

表示“过去的过去”。只有当句中有明确的过去时间参照点时才使用。

The thief had run away before the police came.

By the time he arrived, the meeting had already begun.

易错点提醒: 过去完成时不能单独使用,必须有另一个过去时间作为参照。常见的搭配结构包括:before/after引导的从句、by the time + 过去时间、when引导的从句(表示“当……时已经……”)等。

 

常用句型

It is + adj. + for sb. + to do sth. :对某人来说做某事是……的(形容词描述事)。

It is important for students to learn English well.

It is + adj. + of sb. + to do sth. :某人做某事是……的(形容词评价人,如kind, clever)。

It is very kind of you to help me.

易混辨析: for sb.用于形容词描述事物性质(important, necessary, difficult等);of sb.用于形容词描述人的品质(kind, clever, polite, careless等)。记忆技巧:形容词能修饰人就用of,不能修饰人就用for。

 

接“疑问词 + 不定式”的动词

常见动词: learn, ask, discuss, explain, know, remember, forget, understand, think, consider, decide。

I have to learn how to study English.

He didn't know what to say at the meeting.

使用要点: 疑问词(how/what/when/where/which/whether)+ 不定式结构在句中可作主语、宾语、表语等成分,相当于一个名词性从句的简化形式。

 

主谓一致(一致性原则)

(1)语法一致

主语和谓语在语法形式上保持一致。

The number of students is large.(主语是number,单数)

A number of students are playing basketball.(a number of表示“许多”,谓语用复数)

(2)意义一致

主语形式上是单数,但意义上是复数,谓语用复数;反之亦然。

My family are all teachers.(指家庭成员,谓语用复数)

My family is a large one.(指家庭整体,谓语用单数)

常考的意义一致特殊情况:

类型    谓语    示例

学科名词(physics, politics, mathematics等)    单数    Physics is my favorite subject.

形复实单名词(news, means等)    单数    The news is exciting.

时间/距离/金钱的复数名词作主语    单数    Ten years is a long time.

集体名词(family, team, class等)作整体看    单数    The team is the best in our school.

集体名词作成员看    复数    The team are discussing the problem.

(3)就近原则

谓语动词与最近的主语保持一致。

Either you or I am wrong.

Not only he but also his parents are coming.

就近原则的四种常见结构:

结构    示例    谓语取决于

or    You or Mary is to be sent.    or后的主语

either...or...    Either you or he is going to Paris.    or后的主语

neither...nor...    Neither the mother nor the children know anything.    nor后的主语

not only...but also...    Not only I but also Tom and Mary are willing to do volunteer work.    but also后的主语

此外,在there be句型中,谓语动词的单复数形式也遵循就近原则,应与离其最近的主语保持一致。

真题示例:

Not only the students but also the teacher ______ listening to music.

答案:enjoys

解析: not only...but also...连接主语时,谓语动词与but also后的主语(the teacher)保持一致,用单数形式。

The manager, as well as his assistants, ______ to attend the meeting tomorrow.

A. is  B. are  C. was  D. were

答案:A

解析: 当主语后跟有as well as, together with, along with等短语时,谓语动词的单复数形式由前面的主语(The manager,单数)决定,故选A。

易错点提醒: 考生容易将就近原则和就远原则混淆。注意:as well as, together with, along with, rather than, except等连接的结构遵循“就远原则”(谓语与前面的主语一致),而or, either...or..., neither...nor..., not only...but also...连接的主语遵循“就近原则”(谓语与最近的主语一致)。

(4)特殊结构中的主谓一致

a number of + 复数名词:谓语用复数。A number of students are playing basketball.

the number of + 复数名词:谓语用单数。The number of students is increasing.

large quantities of + 名词:谓语用复数。

The number of students who want to take part in the voluntary activity ______ increasing rapidly.

A. are  B. is  C. were  D. have been

答案:B

解析: “The number of+复数名词”作主语时,中心词是number,表示“……的数量”,谓语动词应用单数形式。

 

谓语动词的就近一致

由or, either...or..., neither...nor..., not only...but also...连接主语时,谓语动词与最近的主语保持一致。

Either you or I am wrong.

Not only he but also his parents are coming.

Neither the students nor the teacher knows the answer.

使用要点: 就近一致和就远一致是考试中的高频易错点。做题时先在句中定位真正的主语,然后根据连接词类型确定是“就近”还是“就远”。

 

同位语从句

常用名词: belief, doubt, fact, hope, idea, news, opinion, report, word(消息)等。

引导词通常为that,有时为whether。

We have some doubt whether they can complete the task on time.

The news that our team won the game is exciting.

that引导同位语从句与定语从句的区别:

对比维度    同位语从句    定语从句

that的词性    连词,不充当成分    关系代词,充当主语或宾语

that可否省略    不可省略    作宾语时可省略

语义功能    解释说明前面名词的内容    限定前面名词的范围

易错点提醒: 同位语从句中的that只起连接作用,不在从句中充当任何成分;定语从句中的that代替先行词在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。判断方法:去掉that后,看从句是否完整——如果从句结构完整,说明that不充当成分,是同位语从句;如果从句缺少成分,说明that充当成分,是定语从句。

 

易错点与常见陷阱

时态的五大高频陷阱

陷阱一:“主将从现”原则的适用范围。 时间、条件状语从句中用一般现在时代替将来时。但if引导宾语从句(“是否”)时不受此限制,该用什么时态就用什么时态。

I will call you when I arrive.(时间状语从句,主将从现)

I don't know if he will come.(宾语从句,用将来时)

陷阱二:过去完成时的使用前提。 过去完成时不能单独使用,必须有另一个过去时间作为参照。句中没有“过去的过去”的参照点时,不能用过去完成时。

陷阱三:现在完成时与一般过去时的混淆。 现在完成时强调对现在的影响,不能与明确表示过去的时间状语(yesterday, last week, in 2020等)连用;一般过去时只陈述过去的事实。

I have finished my homework.(已完成,强调现在的结果)

I finished my homework yesterday.(昨天完成,只陈述过去事实)

陷阱四:will与be going to的区别。 will表示单纯的将来或临时决定;be going to表示事先计划或有迹象表明将要发生。

陷阱五:by the time引导的时间状语从句的时态。 by the time引导的从句用一般现在时表将来时,主句用将来完成时。

By the time he arrives at the airport, the plane will have left.

 

虚拟语气的三大高频陷阱

陷阱一:suggest/insist的双重含义。 suggest表示“建议”时用虚拟语气,表示“表明、暗示”时用陈述语气;insist表示“坚持要求”时用虚拟语气,表示“坚持认为”时用陈述语气。

He suggested that we (should) start early.(建议,虚拟语气)

His pale face suggested that he was ill.(表明,陈述语气)

He insisted that we (should) accept the offer.(坚持要求,虚拟语气)

He insisted that he was innocent.(坚持认为,陈述语气)

陷阱二:should省略但be不能省略。 被动语态中,should可省略但be不可省略。

He demanded that the meeting (should) be postponed.(meeting与postpone是被动关系)

陷阱三:省略if的倒装虚拟条件句。 只有含should, had, were的虚拟条件句才能省略if并倒装。

Were I you, I would go.(= If I were you...)

Had I known earlier, I would have helped you.(= If I had known earlier...)

Should it rain tomorrow, we would stay at home.(= If it should rain tomorrow...)

 

主谓一致的三大高频陷阱

陷阱一:就远原则的干扰结构。 as well as, together with, along with, including, rather than, except等连接的结构遵循就远原则,谓语与前面的主语保持一致。

陷阱二:the number of和a number of的混淆。 the number of表示“……的数量”,谓语用单数;a number of表示“许多”,谓语用复数。

陷阱三:集合名词的单复数判断。 family, team, class, government等作整体看待时谓语用单数,作为个体成员看待时谓语用复数。

 

专项练习题

练习一(虚拟语气):

If I ______ you, I would accept the offer.

A. am  B. was  C. were  D. be

答案:C

解析: 与现在事实相反的虚拟条件句,从句谓语用过去时,be动词用were,故选C。

 

练习二(虚拟语气+被动语态):

The manager demanded that the problem ______ at once.

A. was solved  B. be solved

C. solved  D. would be solved

答案:B

解析: demand表示“要求”时,宾语从句用(should)+动词原形,problem与solve之间是被动关系,故用(should) be solved,should可省略,故选B。

 

练习三(主谓一致):

Not only I but also Tom and Mary ______ willing to do volunteer work.

A. is  B. am  C. are  D. be

答案:C

解析: not only...but also...连接主语时,谓语动词与but also后最近的主语(Tom and Mary,复数)保持一致,故选C。

 

练习四(一般现在时表将来):

I will tell him the news as soon as he ______ back.

A. will come  B. comes  C. came  D. is coming

答案:B

解析: as soon as引导的时间状语从句中,用一般现在时代替将来时,故选B。

 

练习五(过去完成时):

By the time we arrived at the cinema, the film ______ for ten minutes.

A. began  B. had begun  C. had been on  D. has been on

答案:C

解析: By the time引导的从句用一般过去时,主句表示“过去的过去”,用过去完成时。begin是瞬间动词,不能与for ten minutes连用,应用延续性动词be on的过去完成时had been on,故选C。

 

练习六(同位语从句):

We have some doubt ______ they can complete the task on time.

A. that  B. whether  C. what  D. which

答案:B

解析: 根据doubt和完整从句结构可知,应用whether引导同位语从句,表示“是否”,故选B。

 

备考建议

第一,掌握“时态判断三步法”。 做题时按照以下步骤操作:第一步,找时间标志词(since/for/by the time/when/yesterday等);第二步,根据时间标志词确定基本时态;第三步,判断动作是否结束或持续,区分完成时和一般时。

 

第二,背熟虚拟语气“时间-形式”对照表。 虚拟语气与时间的三组对应关系(现在→过去时,过去→过去完成时,将来→were to do/should do)必须烂熟于心。建议制作一张对比表,每天默写一遍。

 

第三,专项攻克“主谓一致三大原则”。 语法一致、意义一致、就近原则各有适用场景。建议整理一份主谓一致规则清单,按照连接词类型分类:就近原则(or/either...or.../neither...nor.../not only...but also...)、就远原则(as well as/together with/along with等)、特殊结构(the number of/a number of等)。

 

第四,区分“that引导同位语从句与定语从句”。 判断方法:去掉that后看从句是否完整——完整则是同位语从句,不完整则是定语从句。做10道专项练习巩固。

 

第五,注意语法在写作中的运用。 虚拟语气和主谓一致是作文中的“隐性加分项”。例如,用“If I were..., I would...”表达建议,用“It is essential that... (should)...”强调必要性。作文中主谓一致要准确,避免因主语过长而出现的谓语单复数错误。

 

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