河南专升本公共英语从句与引语属于三大从句(定语/名词性/状语)的第一梯队考点,占语法题80%分值,是单选、改错、翻译三大题型的核心考查内容。从备考角度看,从句与引语是分值占比较高、考查灵活的核心语法模块。
在语法板块中,从句与引语的考查权重最重,也最容易在改错和翻译中集中丢分。
从句的核心命题逻辑是“判断缺什么成分→选对应的关系词/引导词” 。定语从句中,从句缺主语或宾语用关系代词(who/whom/which/that),缺状语用关系副词(when/where/why)。改错题中常见的错误类型包括:关系代词与关系副词混淆、介词后误用that、非限制性定语从句误用that等。
引语的核心命题逻辑是“时态向前推一个+人称代词同步调整” 。改错题和翻译题中经常考查直接引语转间接引语时的时态变化和人称变化。
得分策略:定语从句先找先行词、再判断从句缺什么成分,缺什么补什么;引语转换遵循“时态退一步、人称随主语、时间状语跟着变”三条规则。
直接引语和间接引语
变间接引语时,时态要向前推一个。
He said, "I am sorry." → He said that he was sorry.
She said, "I will come tomorrow." → She said that she would come the next day.
引语转换三大变化规则:
变化类型 直接引语 间接引语
时态变化 一般现在时→一般过去时 现在进行时→过去进行时
一般将来时→过去将来时 现在完成时→过去完成时
人称变化 I/we→he/she/they my/our→his/her/their
时间状语变化 now→then; today→that day tomorrow→the next day; ago→before
使用要点: 如果直接引语是客观真理,变为间接引语时时态保持不变。
The teacher said, "The earth moves around the sun." → The teacher said that the earth moves around the sun.
定语从句:who/whom的用法
who 在从句中作主语,whom 作宾语。在介词后必须用whom。
I have many friends to whom I am going to send postcards.
The person to whom you spoke is a famous actor.
易错点提醒: 介词放在引导词前只能用whom,不能用who或that。但介词放在句尾时,who和whom均可使用。
The person who/whom you spoke to is a famous actor.(介词在句尾,who/whom均可)
定语从句:that/which的用法
通常可互换,但以下情况必须用that:
先行词是all, much, few, little, something, anything, nothing等不定代词。
先行词被the only, the very, the same修饰时。
先行词既有人又有物时。
先行词是序数词或形容词最高级时。
主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时。
真题示例:
The book ______ cover is red belongs to me.
A. which B. that C. whose D. of which
答案:C
解析: 先行词是The book,从句中缺少定语修饰cover,表示“书的封面”,应用关系代词whose在定语从句中作定语。
This is the very book ______ I want to have.
A. which B. that C. what D. who
答案:B
解析: 先行词book被the very修饰,定语从句只能用that引导。
易错点提醒: 非限制性定语从句不能用that,只能用which。此外,as可以代表整个主句内容,引导非限制性定语从句,翻译为“正如”,位置灵活,可位于句首、句中或句末。
As is known to all, Taiwan is a part of China.
表示“一…就…”的引导词
常用引导词: as soon as, immediately, instantly, the moment, no sooner...than..., hardly...when...。
注意:no sooner和hardly位于句首时,句子要用部分倒装。
No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain.
Hardly had he sat down when the phone rang.
使用要点: no sooner...than...和hardly...when...的区别在于搭配词不同——no sooner与than搭配,hardly与when搭配,不能混用。此外,当no sooner/hardly引起的从句用一般过去时,主句谓语动词用过去完成时。
so that引导的目的/结果状语从句
so + adj./adv. + that... :如此…以至于…
such + (a/an) + adj. + n. + that... :如此…以至于…
There is so little time that we must hurry.
Kathy is such a lovely girl that everyone likes her.
易混辨析: so修饰形容词或副词,such修饰名词或名词短语。但注意以下特殊情况:
结构 示例 说明
so + adj. + a/an + n. so good a boy so + 形容词 + a + 名词
such + a/an + adj. + n. such a good boy such + a + 形容词 + 名词
so many/much/few/little + n. so many people so与数量词搭配
such + 不可数名词 such fine weather such直接修饰不可数名词
使用要点: so that也可引导目的状语从句,意为“以便,为了”,此时从句中常含can, could, may, might等情态动词。
He got up early so that he could catch the first bus.
强调句型
结构: It is/was + 被强调部分 + that/who + 句子其余部分。
判断方法: 去掉It is/was...that...,句子仍然完整成立。
It was yesterday that I met him.(强调时间状语yesterday)
真题示例:
It was not until midnight ______ he finished his homework.
A. when B. that C. which D. where
答案:B
解析: 本题考查强调句型。强调句型的基本结构为It is/was + 被强调部分 + that/who + 其他部分。本句强调的是时间状语not until midnight,因此应使用that连接。
易错点提醒: 强调句型与It作形式主语的区别在于——去掉It is/was...that后,强调句型的剩余部分仍然完整,而形式主语句去掉后句子不成立。
It is important that we should learn English.(形式主语,去掉It is...that后不成立)
It was in the library that I met him.(强调句型,去掉后I met him in the library完整)
“wish + 宾语从句”(虚拟语气)
表示不大可能实现的愿望。wish引导的虚拟从句是单选、改错题型的高频出题点,很多考生分不清wish针对现在、过去、将来三种场景对应的谓语动词变形。
时间 从句谓语形式 示例
对现在 过去时(be用were) I wish I were there.
对过去 had done I wish I had been there.
对将来 would/could do I wish it would stop raining.
易错点提醒: wish后面的宾语从句中用would时,可以表示请求,通常意味着说话人的不快或不满。
I wish you would be quiet.(我希望你安静一些,表示对现状不满)
“It is/was...before...”句型
It was + 时间段 + before... :过了多久才…
It was not long before... :不久就…
It will (not) be + 时间段 + before... :要过多久(不久)…才…(before从句用一般现在时表将来)
It was three years before he came back.(过了三年他才回来。)
It was not long before he came back.(不久他就回来了。)
It will be two years before we meet again.(要过两年我们才会再见面。)
“as if/though”引导的从句
表示“好像”,常用虚拟语气。
时间 从句谓语形式
对现在/将来 过去时(be用were)
对过去 had done
Our head teacher treats us as if we were her own children.
He talks as if he had been to the moon.(他谈论起来好像他去过月球似的。)
定语从句的五大高频陷阱
陷阱一:关系代词与关系副词的误用。 判断依据是看从句缺什么成分——缺主语或宾语用关系代词(who/which/that),缺状语用关系副词(when/where/why)。
This is the house where I lived last year.(live是不及物动词,从句缺地点状语,用where)
This is the house which I bought last year.(bought缺宾语,用which/that)
陷阱二:介词后误用that。 介词位于关系代词前时,只能用which(指物)或whom(指人),不能用that。
The house in which we live is not large.(正确)
The house in that we live is not large.(错误)
陷阱三:非限制性定语从句误用that。 非限制性定语从句只能用which(指物)或who(指人),不能用that。
Beijing, which is the capital of China, has a long history.(正确)
Beijing, that is the capital of China, has a long history.(错误)
陷阱四:whose与of which的混淆。 whose后必须接名词,表示“……的”;of which也可表示所属关系,但语序不同。
The book whose cover is red... = The book the cover of which is red...
陷阱五:as与which引导非限制性定语从句的区别。 as引导的非限制性定语从句可以位于句首、句中和句末,而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能位于先行词之后。
As is known to all, the earth is round.(as位于句首,正确)
Which is known to all, the earth is round.(错误,which不能位于句首)
引语转换的三大高频陷阱
陷阱一:时态忘记向前推。 直接引语变间接引语时,如果主句谓语是过去时,从句时态必须向前推一个。
陷阱二:人称代词忘记调整。 要根据转述人的身份调整人称代词。
陷阱三:时间状语忘记变化。 now→then, today→that day, tomorrow→the next day, yesterday→the day before, ago→before。
虚拟语气的三大高频陷阱
陷阱一:wish从句的时态选择。 对现在的愿望用过去时,对过去的愿望用过去完成时,对将来的愿望用would/could do。三个时间对应三种形式,不能混淆。
陷阱二:as if/though的虚拟语气。 as if/though引导的从句如果表示与事实相反的情况,需要用虚拟语气;如果表示可能发生的情况,也可用陈述语气。
It looks as if it is going to rain.(看起来好像要下雨了,可能发生,陈述语气)
He talks as if he knew everything.(他谈论起来好像什么都知道,与事实相反,虚拟语气)
陷阱三:强调句型中not until的用法。 强调not until时,that后面的句子要用正常语序,不能倒装。
It was not until midnight that he finished his homework.(正确)
It was not until midnight that did he finish his homework.(错误)
练习一(引语转换):
He said, "I will come here tomorrow." → He said that ______.
A. he will come here tomorrow
B. he would come there the next day
C. he would go there the next day
D. he will go there tomorrow
答案:C
解析: 时态will→would,时间状语tomorrow→the next day,地点状语here→there,方向动词come→go,故选C。
练习二(定语从句关系代词):
I have many friends, ______ I am going to send postcards.
A. who B. whom C. to whom D. that
答案:C
解析: send postcards to sb.,介词to提前后关系代词只能用whom,故选C。
练习三(一…就…倒装):
No sooner ______ home than it began to rain.
A. I had arrived B. had I arrived
C. I arrived D. did I arrive
答案:B
解析: No sooner位于句首时,所在分句用部分倒装,且no sooner...than...结构中主句用过去完成时,故选B。
练习四(so/such that辨析):
There is ______ little time that we must hurry.
A. such B. so C. such a D. so a
答案:B
解析: little在这里表示“很少的”,是数量限定词,应用so little time。such修饰名词,但so little为固定搭配,故选B。
练习五(wish虚拟语气):
I wish I ______ to the party last night.
A. went B. had gone C. would go D. go
答案:B
解析: 根据last night可知是对过去的愿望,wish从句用had done,故选B。
练习六(强调句型):
It was in the library ______ I first met my best friend.
A. where B. which C. that D. when
答案:C
解析: 本题考查强调句型。去掉It was...that后,句子In the library I first met my best friend完整成立,说明是强调句型,应用that连接,故选C。
第一,掌握定语从句“三步定位法”。 做题时按照以下步骤操作:第一步,找到先行词;第二步,判断从句缺什么成分(缺主/宾用关系代词,缺状用关系副词);第三步,根据先行词类型选择具体的关系词(人用who/whom,物用which,人物混合/特殊修饰用that)。
第二,背熟引语转换“三变规则”。 时态向前推一个、人称随主语调整、时间状语跟着变。建议整理一份常用时间状语变化对照表,每天默写一遍,直到完全熟练。
第三,区分wish和as if/though的虚拟语气时间对应关系。 两者都遵循“现在→过去时,过去→过去完成时”的基本规则,但wish多一个“将来→would/could do”的维度。建议用表格整理对比记忆。
第四,重点攻克that/which的特殊用法。 必须用that的五种情况是考试高频考点,建议编成口诀记忆:“不定代词only very,人物混合最高序,主句who/which开头时,全都只能用that。”做10道专项练习巩固。
第五,注意语法在写作中的运用。 定语从句和强调句型是作文中的“加分利器”。例如,用“It is...that...”强调观点,用“As is known to all...”引出背景,用定语从句丰富句子结构。一篇120词的作文中适当使用2—3个从句即可,注意不要为了用从句而堆砌,影响文章的自然流畅度。
