在英语语法板块中,代词与限定词是“语法的底层基础”,贯穿单选、改错、完形填空、翻译等几乎所有题型。代词涉及题型包括单选、改错、完形填空及翻译,占分比例约4—6分。限定词(如all/both/many/much/few/little等)则广泛出现在完形填空的语境辨析、改错题的主谓一致判断和翻译题的数量表达中。两者合计约占语法考点的15%—20%,属于“考得不难但丢分不少”的板块。
代词的核心命题逻辑是“指代一致” 。改错题中考查代词时,最常见的方式是前后指代不一致,如主语是some people,后面却用了our parents,应将our改为their。此外,代词的主格宾格混用、形容词性物主代词与名词性物主代词混用也是高频错误。
限定词的核心命题逻辑是“可数不可数+谓语单复数” 。all指整体时谓语用单数,指个体时用复数;both做主语时谓语动词永远用复数;many a后接单数可数名词但谓语动词用单数,这些都是改错和单选的高频考点。
得分策略: 代词先判断“指代谁”,再判断“用什么格”;限定词先判断“修饰可数还是不可数”,再判断“谓语用单数还是复数”。
all 和 both 的用法
all: 指三者或三者以上“全部”。指整体时谓语用单数,指个体时用复数。
both: 指两者“都”,谓语动词永远用复数。
用法示例:
All the students in our class have passed the exam.(指个体,谓语用复数)
All that glitters is not gold.(指整体/抽象,谓语用单数)
Both of my parents are teachers.(指两者,谓语用复数)
真题示例:
There are two windows in the room. ______ of them face south.
A. All B. Both C. Each D. Every
答案:B
解析: 根据“two windows”可知是两者,应用Both,谓语face用复数。All用于三者或三者以上,Each和Every后接单数谓语,均不符合语境。
易错点提醒: all和both的常见错误是谓语动词的单复数选择。all指人时通常视为复数,指事物或整体时视为单数;both则永远视为复数。做题时先判断“几个”,再判断谓语形式。
many 和 much 的用法
many: 修饰或代替可数名词。
much: 修饰或代替不可数名词。
many a: 后接单数可数名词,但谓语动词用单数。例:Many a student has passed the exam.
a good/great many: 后接复数可数名词,谓语用复数。
as many as / as much as: 和……一样多(前者接可数,后者接不可数)。
用法示例:
Many students are interested in this topic.(many修饰可数名词复数)
There is not much water left in the bottle.(much修饰不可数名词)
Many a student has passed the exam.(many a + 单数名词 + 单数谓语)
真题示例:
______ student has finished the assignment on time.
A. Many B. Much C. Many a D. A great many
答案:C
解析: 根据student为单数形式且谓语has finished为单数可知,应用Many a。A、D项后接复数名词和复数谓语,B项修饰不可数名词,均不符合。
易错点提醒: many a和a great many是“形似义反”的一组——many a形式像复数(many),但语法上要求单数名词和单数谓语;a great many形式像单数,但要求复数名词和复数谓语。记忆技巧:“many a 后面单,a great many 后面复。”
little, a little, few, a few 的辨析
little / a little: 修饰不可数名词。a little表肯定,“有一点”;little表否定,“几乎没有”。
few / a few: 修饰可数名词。a few表肯定,“有几个”;few表否定,“几乎没有”。
用法示例:
Hurry up! There is little time left.(几乎没有时间了,否定含义,不可数)
Don't worry. We still have a little time.(还有一点时间,肯定含义,不可数)
Few students passed the difficult exam.(几乎没有学生通过,否定含义,可数)
A few students stayed after class to ask questions.(有几个学生留下,肯定含义,可数)
真题示例:
The problem is so difficult that ______ students can solve it.
A. few B. a few C. little D. a little
答案:A
解析: students为可数名词,排除C、D。根据“problem is so difficult”可知,几乎没有学生能解出此题,表示否定含义,应用few。
易错点提醒: 有无冠词a,含义天差地别。a little和a few表示“有一点”,语气肯定;little和few表示“几乎没有”,语气否定。此外,还要注意区分“修饰可数还是不可数”:有a无a只改变语气,名词类型判断决定用few还是little。
形容词和副词的比较级与最高级
as well as: 也,又;和……一样好。
as far as: 就……而言;远至……。
原级比较: as + 原级 + as(和……一样),not so/as + 原级 + as(不如……)。
比较级: 比较级 + than。可用much, even, far, a lot等修饰比较级,表示程度。
用法示例:
She sings as well as her sister.(和……一样好)
This book is far more interesting than that one.(far修饰比较级,表示程度)
He is not so tall as his brother.(不如……)
真题示例:
She looks ______ younger than she actually is.
A. more B. much C. very D. most
答案:B
解析: 比较级younger本身已包含“更”的含义,不能用more修饰,排除A。much可修饰比较级表示程度,符合题意。very和most不能修饰比较级。
易错点提醒: 比较级前只能用much, even, far, a lot, still, no等修饰,不能用more。错误:She looks more younger than I. 正确:She looks much younger than I.
重要介词短语
except for: 除了(整体中的细节例外)
in place of: 代替
on behalf of: 代表
but for: 要不是(常用于虚拟语气)
in front of: 在……前面(外部)
用法示例:
The composition is quite good except for a few spelling mistakes.(整体好,细节有例外)
But for your help, I would have failed.(要不是你的帮助,虚拟语气)
He spoke on behalf of the whole class.(代表全班发言)
介词辨析:across, over, through, past
across: 横穿表面(过马路、过桥)。
over: 越过上方(跨过障碍、翻过山)。
through: 穿过空间内部(穿过森林、隧道)。
past: 从旁经过(走过门口)。
用法示例:
Walk across the street carefully.(横穿马路,表面)
The plane flew over the mountain.(飞越山顶,上方)
They walked through the forest.(穿过森林,内部空间)
He walked past the shop without stopping.(从旁经过)
易错点提醒: across强调“从一边到另一边”的表面横穿,over强调“从上方越过”的跨越感,through强调“从内部穿过”的纵深,past强调“从旁边经过”的不停留。做题时想象画面即可区分。
易混淆的介词短语
in all: 总共
after all: 毕竟
at all: 根本(常用于否定句和疑问句加强语气)
above all: 最重要的是
用法示例:
There are 50 students in all in our class.(总共)
Don't blame him. After all, he is only a child.(毕竟)
I don't like it at all.(根本不,否定加强语气)
Above all, we must be honest.(最重要的是)
易错点提醒: 这四个短语都以all结尾,但含义完全不同。at all多用于否定句和疑问句加强语气,above all强调“最重要”,after all表示“毕竟、终究”,in all表示“总计”。
序数词的用法
序数词前必须加定冠词the。 例:the first lesson。
序数词与基数词连用时,序数词在前。 例:the first three chapters(前三章)。
用法示例:
This is the third time I have visited Beijing.(序数词前加the)
The first two chapters are the most important.(序数词在前,基数词在后)
易错点提醒: 改错题中经常考查“序数词前漏掉the”或“序数词与基数词顺序颠倒”。记忆口诀:“序数词前必加the,序基连用序在前。”
代词的三大高频陷阱
陷阱一:指代不一致。 代词必须与所指代的名词在人称、数、性上保持一致。
Some people in their twenties still get their life supported by our parents.(错误)
应将our改为their,因为主语是some people,指代“他们的父母”。
陷阱二:主格与宾格混用。 主格作主语,宾格作宾语。介词后必须用宾格。
Between you and I, he is not honest.(错误)
应将I改为me,因为between是介词,后接宾格。
陷阱三:形容词性物主代词与名词性物主代词混用。 形容词性物主代词后必须接名词,名词性物主代词可独立使用。
This is my book, and that is her.(错误)
应将her改为hers,因为此处需要名词性物主代词独立作表语。
限定词的三大高频陷阱
陷阱一:many a 的谓语形式。 many a后接单数名词,谓语动词用单数,这是“语法一致”原则的体现。
Many a student have passed the exam.(错误)
应将have改为has。
陷阱二:all 的谓语单复数。 all指人时谓语用复数,指事物或整体时谓语用单数。
All of the students has finished the work.(错误)
应将has改为have,因为all of the students指个体。
陷阱三:few 与 a few 的语义混淆。 有无a改变的是语气肯定还是否定,而非名词类型。
He is so selfish that few people like him.(几乎没有,否定)
He is friendly, so a few people like him.(有几个,肯定)
练习一(all/both):
______ of the two answers is correct. You need to choose a third one.
A. All B. Both C. Neither D. Either
答案:C
解析: 根据“two answers”可知是两者,且“need to choose a third one”表明前两个都不对,应用Neither。
练习二(many a):
Many a boy ______ playing football in the playground.
A. are B. is C. were D. be
答案:B
解析: Many a后接单数名词,谓语动词用单数,故选is。
练习三(few/a few):
Although the exam was difficult, ______ students still got high marks.
A. few B. a few C. little D. a little
答案:B
解析: students为可数名词,排除C、D。根据Although引导的让步关系可知,虽然考试难,但仍有几个学生得了高分,表示肯定含义,应用a few。
练习四(比较级修饰):
This problem is ______ more complicated than we expected.
A. very B. more C. much D. most
答案:C
解析: 比较级more complicated前需要程度修饰词,very和most不能修饰比较级,more不能重复修饰比较级,应用much。
练习五(代词指代一致):
The company has changed ______ policy to attract more young talents.
A. their B. its C. it's D. they're
答案:B
解析: The company为单数集体名词,应用its指代。
